Current Approaches to the Diagnosis of Herpesvirus Neuroinfections (Scientific Review)

Authors

  • D.V. Maltsev National Medical University named after O.O. Bohomolets, Kyiv; Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kharkiv
  • S.K. Yevtushenko National Medical University named after O.O. Bohomolets, Kyiv; Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kharkiv

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22141/2224-0713.3.81.2016.77618

Keywords:

herpesviruses, neuroinfection, laboratory diagnostics

Abstract

This article carefully considered the diagnostic capabilities of modern laboratory methods for verification of the diagnosis of human herpesvirus neuroinfections. The main known methods of laboratory diagnostics are divided based on 3 diagnostic levels depending on the informativeness and accuracy of their results. Modern diagnostics of herpesvirus neuroinfections is based on three reference points: the clinical picture of the disease, neuroimaging data and the results of laboratory methods to identify the virus. Thorough knowledge of clinical picture in herpesvirus lesions of the nervous system, including the characteristics of the main clinical forms of neuroinfection, enables to plan the rational algorithm of instrumental neuroimaging studies and to choose the suitable package of laboratory tests in each case. At the moment, there is no ideal laboratory method for verifying the diagnosis in herpesvirus lesions of the nervous system. A multiplex approach to the diagnosis of herpesvirus neuroinfections with simultaneous polymerase chain reaction of the liquor, comparative serological studies (calculation of the index of specific serum/cerebrospinal fluid IgG) and the determination of specific IgM in the cerebrospinal fluid is scientifically sound, which makes it possible to overcome the disadvantages of the various methods of laboratory diagnostics and to establish quickly the correct diagnosis even in difficult clinical situations.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Евтушенко С.К., Москаленко М.А. Cлучай менингомиело­полирадикулоневрита, ассоциированного с вирусом герпеса 6-го типа, у ребенка в возрасте 1 года 5 месяцев // Международный неврологический журнал. — 2012. — № 5. — ​С. 134-137.

Евтушенко С.К., Воронова А.В. Герпесвирусный энцефалит и эпилептический синдром у детей // Детская неврология. — 2014. — № 2. — ​С. 34-39.

Лісяний М.І., Мальцев Д.В., Мішина В.В. Ізольований дефіцит IgМ: клініка, діагностика і лікування // Лабораторна діагностика. — 2015. — № 3. — ​С. 45-56.

Мальцев Д.В. Дефіцит специфічних антитіл: клініка, діагностика, лікування // Лабораторна діагностика. — 2015. — № 2 (72). — ​С. 40-49.

Мальцев Д.В. Дефіцит субкласів IgG: клініка, діагностика, лікування // Клінічна імунологія, алергологія, інфектологія. — 2015. — № 5–6 (84–85). — ​С. 8-18.

Мальцев Д.В. Прогресуюча мультифокальна лейкоенцефалопатія, асоційована з вірусом герпесу людини 6-го типу // Укр. мед. часопис. — 2012. — 1 (87). — ​С. 136-142.

Мальцев Д.В., Казмірчук В.Є. Модифікована методика порівняльних серологічних досліджень для діагностики персистуючої герпесвірусної нейроінфекції // Лабораторна діагностика. — 2011. — № 3 (57). — ​С. 24-30.

Мальцев Д.В., Казмірчук В.Є., Євтушенко С.К. До питання сучасної клініко-вірусологічної класифікації герпесвірусних нейроінфекцій // Міжнародний неврологічний журнал. — 2012. — № 2 (48). — ​С. 65-71.

Мальцев Д.В., Недопако Я.Я. Дефіцит природних кілерів: гетерогенність, клініка, діагностика, лікування, клінічні приклади // Український медичний часопис. — 2013. — № 2 (94). — ​С. 129-142.

Adler A.C., Kadimi S., Apaloo C., Marcu C. Herpes simplex encephalitis with two false-negative cerebrospinal fluid PCR tests and review of negative PCR results in the clinical setting // Case Rep. Neurol. — 2011. — ​Vol. 3(2). — ​P. 172-178.

Akter T., Tabassum S., Jahan M. et al. Isolation of herpes simplex viruses by chick embryo culture // Mymensingh. Med. J. — 2013. — ​Vol. 22(2). — ​P. 365-369.

An S.F., Groves M., Martinian L. et al. Detection of infectious agents in brain of patients with acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis // J. Neurovirol. — 2002. — ​Vol. 8 (5). — ​P. 439-446.

Barón J., Herrero-Velázquez S., Ruiz-Piñero M. et al. Encephalitis due to the Epstein-Barr virus: a description of a clinical case and review of the literature // Rev. Neurol. — 2013. — ​Vol. 57 (10). — ​P. 451-454.

Borish L., Ayars A.G., Kirkpatrick C.H. Common variable immunodeficiency presenting as herpes simplex virus encephalitis // J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. — 2011. — ​Vol. 127 (2). — ​P. 541-543.

Broccolo F., Lusso P., Malnati M. Calibration technologies for correct determination of Epstein-Barr Virus, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‑6), and HHV‑8 antiviral drug susceptibilities by use of real-time-PCR-based assays // J. Clin. Microbiol. — 2013. — ​Vol. 51(6). — 2013.

Carricart S.E., Bustos D., Biganzoli P. et al. Isotype immune response of IgG antibodies at the persistence and reactivation stages of human herpes virus 6 infection // J. Clin. Virol. — 2004. — ​Vol. 31 (4). — ​P. 266-269.

Caserta M.T. Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection of the Central Nervous System // Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. — 2004. — ​Vol. 6(4). — ​P. 316–321.

Caucheteux N., Maarouf A., Daelman L. et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in two renal transplant patients: is there a role for Epstein-Barr virus reactivation? // Mult. Scler. — 2013. — ​Vol. 19 (9). — ​P. 1222-12225.

Chapman M.D., Thompson E.J., Candler P.M. et al. Quantitative demonstration of intrathecal synthesis of high affinity immunoglobulin G in herpes simplex encephalitis using affinity-mediated immunoblotting // J. Neuroimmunol. — 2007. — ​Vol. 185 (1–2). — ​P. 130-135.

Chen J., Fu Y., Ju L. et al. Detection and identification of viral pathogens in patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease by multilocus PCR, reverse-transcription PCR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry // J. Clin. Virol. — 2014. — ​Vol. 59 (2). — ​P. 115-119.

Denes E., Labach C., Durox H. et al. Intrathecal synthesis of specific antibodies as a marker of herpes simplex encephalitis in patients with negative PCR // Swiss Med. Wkly. — 2010. — ​Vol. 140. — ​w13107.

Denne C., Kleines M., Dieckhöfer A. et al. Intrathecal synthesis of anti-viral antibodies in pediatric patients // Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. — 2007. — ​Vol. 11 (1). — ​P. 29-34.

Derfuss T., Hohlfeld R., Meinl E. Intrathecal antibody (IgG) production against human herpesvirus type 6 occurs in about 20 % of multiple sclerosis patients and might be linked to a polyspecific B-cell response // J. Neurol. — 2005. — ​Vol. 252 (8). — ​P. 968-971.

Descamps V., Avenel-Audran M., Valeyrie-Allanore L. et al. Saliva polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and follow-up of herpesvirus reactivation in patients with drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) // JAMA Dermatol. — 2013. — ​Vol. 149 (5). — ​P. 565-569.

Fotheringham J., Donati D., Akhyani N. et al. Association of human herpesvirus‑6B with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy // PLoS Med. — 2007. — ​Vol. 4 (5). — ​e180.

Francisci D., Sensini A., Fratini D. et al. Acute fatal necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalitis caused by Epstein-Barr virus in a young adult immunocompetent man // J. Neurovirol. — 2004. — ​Vol. 10 (6). — ​P. 414-417.

Frías C., Matas L., Ferré X. et al. Usefulness of adding multiplex nested-polymerase chain reaction assay of cerebrospinal fluid samples to routine diagnostic testing for herpesvirus encephalitis // Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. — 2001. — ​Vol. 20 (9). — ​P. 670-672.

Gärtner B.C., Hess R.D., Bandt D. et al. Evaluation of four commercially available Epstein-Barr virus enzyme immunoassays with an immunofluorescence assay as the reference method // Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. — 2003. — ​Vol. 10 (1). — ​P. 78-82.

Gautschi O., Berger C., Gubler J., Laube I. Acute respiratory failure and cerebral hemorrhage due to primary Epstein-Barr virus infection // Respiration. — 2003. — ​Vol. 70 (4). — ​P. 419-422.

Go T., Nakamura K. Frequent seizures with elevated interleukin‑6 at the eruptive stage of exanthema subitum // Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. — 2002. — ​Vol. 6 (4). — ​P. 221–223.

Harberts E., Yao K., Wohler J.E. et al. Human herpesvirus‑6 entry into the central nervous system through the olfactory pathway // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. — 2011. — ​Vol. 108 (33). — ​P. 13734-13739.

Hjalmarsson A., Granath F., Forsgren M. et al. Prognostic value of intrathecal antibody production and DNA viral load in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with herpes simplex encephalitis // J. Neurol. — 2009. — ​Vol. 256 (8). — ​P. 1243-1251.

Ihira M., Sugiyama H., Enomoto Y. et al. Direct detection of human herpesvirus 6 DNA in serum by variant specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients // J. Virol. Methods. — 2010. — ​Vol. 167 (1). — ​P. 103-106.

Ito T., Watanabe A., Akabane J. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis developed after acute herpetic gingivostomatitis // Tohoku J. Exp. Med. — 2000. — ​Vol. 192 (2). — ​P. 151–155.

Julin J.E., van Burik J.H., Krivit W., Webb et al. Ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus encephalitis in a bone marrow transplant recipient // Transpl. Infect. Dis. — 2002. — ​Vol. 4 (4). — ​P. 201-206.

Kamei S., Takasu T., Morishima T., Mizutani T. Serial changes of intrathecal viral loads evaluated by chemiluminescence assay and nested PCR with acyclovir treatment in herpes simplex virus encephalitis // Intern. Med. — 2004. — ​Vol. 43 (9). — ​P. 796-801.

Kondo K., Yamanishi K. HHV‑6A, 6B, and 7: molecular basis of latency and reactivation // Arvin A., Campadelli-Fiume G., Mocarski E., Moore P.S., Roizman B., Whitley R., Yamanishi K., ed. Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis. — ​Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. — 2007. — ​Chapter 47.

Kuriki A., Ishihara K., Satoh H. et al. Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone associated with limbic encephalitis due to herpes simplex virus infection — ​a case report // Rinsho Shinkeigaku. — 2008. — ​Vol. 48 (3). — ​P. 184-190.

Kuwahara S., Kawada M., Uga S., Mori K. A case of cerebellar meningo-encephalitis caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): usefulness of Gd-enhanced MRI for detection of the lesions // No To Shinkei. — 2000. — ​Vol. 52 (1). — ​P. 37-42.

Lackner A., Kessler H.H., Walch C. et al. Early and reliable detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella zoster virus DNAs in oral fluid of patients with idiopathic peripheral facial nerve palsy: Decision support regarding antiviral treatment? // J. Med. Virol. — 2010. — ​Vol. 82 (9). — ​P. 1582-1585.

Legoff J., Feghoul L., Mercier-Delarue S. et al. Broad-range PCR-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for detection and typing of adenovirus and other opportunistic viruses in stem cell transplant patients // J. Clin. Microbiol. — 2013. — ​Vol. 51 (12). — ​P. 4186-4192.

Lerner A.M., Ariza M.E., Williams M. et al. Antibody to Epstein-Barr virus deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase and deoxyribonucleotide polymerase in a chronic fatigue syndrome subset // PLoS One. — 2012. — 7 (11). — ​e47891.

Lim H.K., Seppänen M., Hautala T. et al. TLR3 deficiency in herpes simplex encephalitis: high allelic heterogeneity and recurrence risk // Neurology. — 2014. — ​Vol. 83 (21). — ​P. 1888-1897.

Liu Q.F., Ling Y.W., Fan Z.P. et al. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) load in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of patients with EBV-associated central nervous system diseases after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation // Transpl. Infect. Dis. — 2013. — ​Vol. 15 (4). — ​P. 379-392.

Majid A., Galetta S.L., Sweeney C.J. et al. Epstein-Barr virus myeloradiculitis and encephalomyeloradiculitis // Brain. — 2002. — ​Vol. 125 (Pt 1). — ​P. 159-165.

Mihály I., Kolozsi T., Liptai Z. et al. Experience with multiplex nested PCR and fluorescent antibody tests in the diagnosis of acute central nervous system infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 // Orv. Hetil. — 2010. — ​Vol. 151 (46). — ​P. 1896-1903.

Mirkinson L.J., Nagle D., Kadom N., Jones O.Y. Anakinra therapy in a child with systemic-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis after human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis // J. Clin. Rheumatol. — 2006. — ​Vol. 12 (2). — ​P. 83-86.

Miyashita T., Koayashi Z., Numasawa Y. et al. Epstein-Barr virus-associated meningitis presenting with hearing impairment // Intern. Med. 2012. — ​Vol. 51 (13). — ​P. 1755-1757.

Mori T., Tanaka-Taya K., Satoh H. et al. Transmission of chromosomally integrated human herpesvirsus 6 (HHV‑6) variant A from a parent to children leading to misdiagnosis of active HHV‑6 infection // Transpl. Infect. Dis. — 2009. — ​Vol. 11 (6). — ​P. 503-506.

Moschettini D., Franceschini R., Vaccaro N.M. et al. Human herpesvirus‑6B active infection associated with relapsing bilateral anterior optic neuritis // J. Clin. Virol. — 2006. — ​Vol. 37 (4). — ​P. 244-247.

Nagel M.A., Gilden D. Update on varicella zoster virus vasculopathy // Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. — 2014. — ​Vol. 16 (6). — ​P. 407.

Ogata M., Satou T., Kadota J., Saito N. et al. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‑6) reactivation and HHV‑6 encephalitis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: a multicenter, prospective study // Clin. Infect. Dis. — 2013. — ​Vol. 57 (5). — ​P. 671-681.

Ringelstein E.B., Sobczak H., Pfeifer B., Hacke W. Polyradiculomeningoencephalitis caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection — ​description of a case with fatal outcome // Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr. — 1984. — ​Vol. 52 (3). — ​P. 73-82.

Sassenscheidt J., Rohayem J., Illmer T., Bandt D. Detection of beta-herpesviruses in allogenic stem cell recipients by quantitative real-time PCR // J. Virol. Methods. — 2006. — ​Vol. 138 (1–2). — ​P. 40-48.

Scalia G., Palermo C., Maiolino L. et al. Detection of serum IgA to HSV1 and its diagnostic role in sudden hearing loss // New Microbiol. — 2013. — ​Vol. 36 (1). — ​P. 41-47.

Sheybani F., Arabikhan H.R., Naderi H.R. Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE) and its outcome in the Patients who were Admitted to a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mashhad, Iran, over a 10-year Period // J. Clin. Diagn. Res. — 2013. — ​Vol. 7 (8). — ​P. 1626-1628.

Shoji H. Herpes encephalitis // Nihon Rinsho. — 2006. — ​Vol. 64 (3). — ​P. 264-267.

Steiner I., Benninger F. Update on herpes virus infections of the nervous system // Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. — 2013. — ​Vol. 13 (12). — ​P. 414.

Stjernquist-Desatnik A., Skoog E., Aurelius E. Detection of herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses in patients with Bell’s palsy by the polymerase chain reaction technique // Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. — 2006. — ​Vol. 115 (4). — ​P. 306-311.

Strick L.B., Wald A. Diagnostics for herpes simplex virus: is PCR the new gold standard? // Mol. Diagn. Ther. — 2006. — ​Vol. 10 (1). — ​P. 17-28.

Sundén B., Larsson M., Falkeborn T. et al. Real-time PCR detection of human herpesvirus 1–5 in patients lacking clinical signs of a viral CNS infection // BMC Infect. Dis. — 2011. — ​Vol. 11. — ​P. 220.

Tanaka M., Shigihara Y., Funakura M. et al. Fatigue-associated alterations of cognitive function and electroencephalographic power densities // PLoS One. — 2012. — ​Vol. 7 (4). — ​P. e34774.

Virtanen J.O., Herrgård E., Valmari P. et al. Confirmed primary HHV‑6 infection in children with suspected encephalitis // Neuropediatrics. — 2007. — ​Vol. 38 (6). — ​P. 292-297.

Wada K., Mizoguchi S., Ito Y. et al. Multiplex real-time PCR for the simultaneous detection of herpes simplex virus, human herpesvirus 6, and human herpesvirus 7 // Microbiol. Immunol. — 2009. — ​Vol. 53 (1). — ​P. 22-29.

Ward K.N., Turner D.J., Parada X.C., Thiruchelvam A.D. Use of immunoglobulin G antibody avidity for differentiation of primary human herpesvirus 6 and 7 infections // J. Clin. Microbiol. — 2001. — ​Vol. 39 (3). — ​P. 959-963.

Yao K., Honarmand S., Espinosa A, Detection of human herpesvirus‑6 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with encephalitis // Ann. Neurol. — 2009. — ​Vol. 65 (3). — ​P. 257-267.

Zephir H., De Seze J., Ferriby D. et al. Epstein-Barr meningoencephaloradiculitis in a immunocompetent woman // Rev. Neurol. (Paris). — 2002. — ​Vol. 158 (8–9). — ​P. 830-832.

Published

2022-01-26

How to Cite

Maltsev, D., & Yevtushenko, S. (2022). Current Approaches to the Diagnosis of Herpesvirus Neuroinfections (Scientific Review). INTERNATIONAL NEUROLOGICAL JOURNAL, (3.81), 32–45. https://doi.org/10.22141/2224-0713.3.81.2016.77618

Issue

Section

Review

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 > >>